Tidy Messy Data

Tools to help to create tidy data, where each column is a variable, each row is an observation, and each cell contains a single value. tidyr contains tools for changing the shape (pivoting) and hierarchy (nesting and unnesting) of a dataset, turning deeply nested lists into rectangular data frames (rectangling), and extracting values out of string columns. It also includes tools for working with missing values (both implicit and explicit).